被动语态详解

1. 双宾结构

(1) My uncle gave me a gift on my birthday．

由词组Give sb. sth. 得出被动sb. be given sth.

→ I was given a gift by my uncle on my birthday．

如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词。

因此，由词组Give sth to sb. 得出被动sth. be given to sb.

→ A gift was given to me by my uncle on my birthday.

总结：含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留；一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。

注意：

一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to.

如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。

① The cup with mixture was shown to the class. 

② My bike was lent to her. 

一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for.

如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。

① Mother made me a new skirt.  (A new skirt was made for me.  )

② The meat was cooked for us. 

③ Some country music was played for us. 

2. 复合宾语结构，即有宾语补足语的情形

(1) The manager found the cook smoking in the kitchen. 

→The cook was found smoking by the manager in the kitchen by the manager

(2) She told us to follow her instructions. 

→We were told to follow her instructions by her.

(3) We often hear him play the guitar.

→He is often heard to play the guitar.

总结：带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面；在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。